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<law><site_title>Virginia Decoded</site_title><site_url>https://vacode.org</site_url><law_id>378699</law_id><section_number>9.1-301</section_number><catch_line>Conduct of interrogation</catch_line><edition url="https://vacode.org/2026/" slug="2026" current="TRUE" last_updated="2026-08-02">2026</edition><structure><unit label="title" level="1" order_by="36" identifier="9.1">Commonwealth Public Safety</unit><unit label="chapter" level="2" order_by="4" identifier="3">Firefighters and Emergency Medical Technicians Procedural Guarantee Act</unit></structure><text>
						<section><p>The provisions of this section shall apply whenever a <span class="dictionary">firefighter</span> or <span class="dictionary">emergency medical services personnel</span> are subjected to an <span class="dictionary">interrogation</span> that could lead to <span class="dictionary">dismissal</span>, demotion, or suspension for punitive reasons:</p></section>
						<section id="1"><p><span class="prefix-number">1.</span> The <span class="dictionary">interrogation</span> shall take place at the facility where the investigating officer is assigned, or at the facility that has <span class="dictionary">jurisdiction</span> over the place where the incident under investigation allegedly occurred, as designated by the investigating officer. <a id="paragraph-1414321" class="section-permalink" href="https://vacode.org/9.1-301/#1"><i class="fa fa-link"/></a></p></section>
						<section id="2"><p><span class="prefix-number">2.</span> No <span class="dictionary">firefighter</span> or <span class="dictionary">emergency medical services personnel</span> shall be subjected to <span class="dictionary">interrogation</span> without first receiving written notice of sufficient detail of the investigation in <span class="dictionary">order</span> to reasonably apprise the <span class="dictionary">firefighter</span> or <span class="dictionary">emergency medical services personnel</span> of the nature of the investigation. <a id="paragraph-1414322" class="section-permalink" href="https://vacode.org/9.1-301/#2"><i class="fa fa-link"/></a></p></section>
						<section id="3"><p><span class="prefix-number">3.</span> All <span class="dictionary">interrogations</span> shall be conducted at a reasonable time of day, preferably when the <span class="dictionary">firefighter</span> or <span class="dictionary">emergency medical services personnel</span> is on duty, unless the matters being investigated are of such a nature that immediate action is required. <a id="paragraph-1414323" class="section-permalink" href="https://vacode.org/9.1-301/#3"><i class="fa fa-link"/></a></p></section>
						<section id="4"><p><span class="prefix-number">4.</span> The <span class="dictionary">firefighter</span> or <span class="dictionary">emergency medical services personnel</span> under investigation shall be informed of the name, rank, and unit or command of the officer in charge of the investigation, the interrogators, and all persons present during any <span class="dictionary">interrogation</span>. <a id="paragraph-1414324" class="section-permalink" href="https://vacode.org/9.1-301/#4"><i class="fa fa-link"/></a></p></section>
						<section id="5"><p><span class="prefix-number">5.</span> <span class="dictionary">Interrogation</span> sessions shall be of reasonable duration, and the <span class="dictionary">firefighter</span> or <span class="dictionary">emergency medical services personnel</span> shall be permitted reasonable periods for rest and personal necessities. The <span class="dictionary">firefighter</span> or <span class="dictionary">emergency medical services personnel</span> may have an observer of his choice present during the <span class="dictionary">interrogation</span>, as long as the interview is not unduly delayed. This observer may not participate or represent the employee, may not be involved in the investigation, and must be an active or retired member of the department, for purposes of confidentiality. <a id="paragraph-1414325" class="section-permalink" href="https://vacode.org/9.1-301/#5"><i class="fa fa-link"/></a></p></section>
						<section id="6"><p><span class="prefix-number">6.</span> The <span class="dictionary">firefighter</span> or <span class="dictionary">emergency medical services personnel</span> being interrogated shall not be subjected to offensive language or offered any incentive as an inducement to answer any questions. <a id="paragraph-1414326" class="section-permalink" href="https://vacode.org/9.1-301/#6"><i class="fa fa-link"/></a></p></section>
						<section id="7"><p><span class="prefix-number">7.</span> If a recording of any <span class="dictionary">interrogation</span> is made, and if a <span class="dictionary">transcript</span> of the <span class="dictionary">interrogation</span> is made, the <span class="dictionary">firefighter</span> or <span class="dictionary">emergency medical services personnel</span> under investigation shall be entitled to a copy without charge. Such record may be electronically recorded. <a id="paragraph-1414327" class="section-permalink" href="https://vacode.org/9.1-301/#7"><i class="fa fa-link"/></a></p></section>
						<section id="8"><p><span class="prefix-number">8.</span> No <span class="dictionary">firefighter</span> or <span class="dictionary">emergency medical services personnel</span> shall be discharged, disciplined, demoted, denied promotion or seniority, or otherwise disciplined or discriminated against in regard to his employment, or be threatened with any such treatment as retaliation for his exercise of any of the rights granted or protected by this chapter.
			Nothing contained in this section shall prohibit a local governing body from granting its employees rights greater than those contained herein. <a id="paragraph-1414328" class="section-permalink" href="https://vacode.org/9.1-301/#8"><i class="fa fa-link"/></a></p></section></text><history>1987, c. 509, &#xA7; 2.1-116.9:2; 2001, c. 844; 2010, c. 779; 2015, cc. 502, 503; 2016, c. 419; 2019, c. 831.</history><metadata></metadata></law>
