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<law><site_title>Virginia Decoded</site_title><site_url>https://vacode.org</site_url><law_id>350342</law_id><section_number>18.2-152.14</section_number><catch_line>Computer as instrument of forgery</catch_line><edition url="https://vacode.org/2026/" slug="2026" current="TRUE" last_updated="2026-08-02">2026</edition><structure><unit label="title" level="1" order_by="52" identifier="18.2">Crimes and Offenses Generally</unit><unit label="chapter" level="2" order_by="5" identifier="5">Crimes Against Property</unit><unit label="article" level="3" order_by="8" identifier="7.1">Computer Crimes</unit></structure><text>
						<section><p>The creation, alteration, or deletion of any <span class="dictionary">computer data</span> contained in any computer or <span class="dictionary">computer network</span>, which if done on a tangible document or instrument would constitute <span class="dictionary">forgery</span> under Article 1 (&#xA7;&#xA0;<a class="law" title="Forging public records, etc" href="/18.2-168/">18.2-168</a> et seq.) of Chapter 6 of this Title, will also be deemed to be <span class="dictionary">forgery</span>. The absence of a tangible writing directly created or altered by the offender shall not be a defense to any <span class="dictionary">crime</span> set forth in Article 1 (&#xA7;&#xA0;<a class="law" title="Forging public records, etc" href="/18.2-168/">18.2-168</a> et seq.) of Chapter 6 of this Title if a creation, alteration, or deletion of <span class="dictionary">computer data</span> was involved in lieu of a tangible document or instrument.</p></section></text><history>1984, c. 751; 1985, c. 322.</history><metadata><court_decisions><item key="0"><name>Campbell v. Commonwealth</name><case_number>Record 921406</case_number><citation>431 S.E.2d 648</citation><date>1993-06-11</date><url>https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/1364586/campbell-v-commonwealth/</url><abstract> .&#x202F;.&#x202F;. 431 S.E.2d 648 (1993) .&#x202F;.&#x202F;. </abstract><court_html><abbr title="Supreme Court of Virginia">SCV</abbr></court_html></item></court_decisions></metadata></law>
