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<law><site_title>Virginia Decoded</site_title><site_url>https://vacode.org</site_url><law_id>346833</law_id><section_number>13.1-692.1</section_number><catch_line>Limitation on liability of officers and directors; exception</catch_line><edition url="https://vacode.org/2026/" slug="2026" current="TRUE" last_updated="2026-08-02">2026</edition><structure><unit label="title" level="1" order_by="44" identifier="13.1">Corporations</unit><unit label="chapter" level="2" order_by="12" identifier="9">Virginia Stock Corporation Act</unit><unit label="article" level="3" order_by="11" identifier="9">Directors and Officers</unit></structure><text>
						<section id="A"><p><span class="prefix-number">A.</span> In any <span class="dictionary">proceeding</span> brought by or in the right of a <span class="dictionary">corporation</span> or brought by or on behalf of <span class="dictionary">shareholders</span> of the <span class="dictionary">corporation</span>, the <span class="dictionary">damages</span> assessed against an officer or director arising out of a single transaction, occurrence or course of conduct shall not exceed the lesser of: <a id="paragraph-1293605" class="section-permalink" href="https://vacode.org/13.1-692.1/#A"><i class="fa fa-link"/></a></p></section>
						<section id="A1" class="indent-1"><p><span class="prefix-number">1.</span> The monetary amount, including the elimination of liability, specified in the <span class="dictionary">articles of incorporation</span> or, if approved by the <span class="dictionary">shareholders</span>, in the bylaws as a limitation on or elimination of the liability of the officer or director; or <a id="paragraph-1293606" class="section-permalink" href="https://vacode.org/13.1-692.1/#A1"><i class="fa fa-link"/></a></p></section>
						<section id="A2" class="indent-1"><p><span class="prefix-number">2.</span> The greater of (i) $100,000 or (ii) the amount of cash compensation received by the officer or director from the <span class="dictionary">corporation</span> during the 12 months immediately preceding the act or omission for which liability was imposed. <a id="paragraph-1293607" class="section-permalink" href="https://vacode.org/13.1-692.1/#A2"><i class="fa fa-link"/></a></p></section>
						<section id="B"><p><span class="prefix-number">B.</span> The liability of an officer or director shall not be limited as provided in this section if the officer or director engaged in willful misconduct or a knowing violation of the criminal <span class="dictionary">law</span> or of any federal or <span class="dictionary">state</span> securities <span class="dictionary">law</span>, including, without limitation, any claim of unlawful insider trading or manipulation of the market for any security. <a id="paragraph-1293608" class="section-permalink" href="https://vacode.org/13.1-692.1/#B"><i class="fa fa-link"/></a></p></section>
						<section id="C"><p><span class="prefix-number">C.</span> No limitation or elimination of liability adopted pursuant to this section may be affected by any amendment of the <span class="dictionary">articles of incorporation</span> or bylaws with respect to any action or omission occurring before such amendment. <a id="paragraph-1293609" class="section-permalink" href="https://vacode.org/13.1-692.1/#C"><i class="fa fa-link"/></a></p></section></text><history>1987, cc. 59, 257; 1988, c. 561; 2019, c. 734; 2020, c. 1226.</history><metadata><court_decisions><item key="0"><name>Nos. 91-1873, 91-1874</name><case_number>332</case_number><citation>979 F.2d 332</citation><date>1993-04-07</date><url>https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/594712/nos-91-1873-91-1874/</url><abstract> .&#x202F;.&#x202F;. 979 F.2d 332 .&#x202F;.&#x202F;. </abstract><court_html>Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit</court_html></item><item key="1"><name>Sandberg v. Virginia Bankshares, Inc.</name><case_number>Nos. 91-1873, 91-1874</case_number><citation>979 F.2d 332</citation><date>1992-10-21</date><url>https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/9012782/sandberg-v-virginia-bankshares-inc/</url><abstract> .&#x202F;.&#x202F;. OPINION .&#x202F;.&#x202F;. </abstract><court_html>Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit</court_html></item><item key="2"><name>Sandberg v. Virginia Bankshares, Inc.</name><case_number>Nos. 88-2658 to 88-2660, 88-2662 to 88-2664, 89-2903, 89-2904</case_number><citation>891 F.2d 1112</citation><date>1989-12-15</date><url>https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/8984088/sandberg-v-virginia-bankshares-inc/</url><abstract> .&#x202F;.&#x202F;. K.K. HALL, Circuit Judge: .&#x202F;.&#x202F;. </abstract><court_html>Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit</court_html></item><item key="3"><name>Matson v. Alpert (In re LandAmerica Financial Group, Inc.)</name><case_number>Bankruptcy No. 08-35994; Adversary No. 11-03168</case_number><citation>470 B.R. 759</citation><date>2012-03-01</date><url>https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/8522215/matson-v-alpert-in-re-landamerica-financial-group-inc/</url><abstract> .&#x202F;.&#x202F;. MEMORANDUM OPINION .&#x202F;.&#x202F;. </abstract><court_html>United States Bankruptcy Court, E.D. Virginia</court_html></item><item key="4"><name>Commonwealth Transportation Commissioner v. Matyiko</name><case_number>Record 960433</case_number><citation>481 S.E.2d 468</citation><date>1997-01-10</date><url>https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/1060097/commonwealth-transportation-commissioner-v-matyiko/</url><abstract> .&#x202F;.&#x202F;. 481 S.E.2d 468 (1997) .&#x202F;.&#x202F;. </abstract><court_html><abbr title="Supreme Court of Virginia">SCV</abbr></court_html></item></court_decisions></metadata></law>
