{"formats":[{"name":"JSON","format":"json","url":"\/downloads\/2026\/code-json\/8.12-102.json"},{"name":"Plain Text","format":"text","url":"\/downloads\/2026\/code-text\/8.12-102.txt"},{"name":"XML","format":"xml","url":"\/downloads\/2026\/code-xml\/8.12-102.xml"},{"name":"HTML","format":"html","url":"\/downloads\/2026\/code-html\/8.12-102.html"}],"law_id":377864,"edition_id":2,"section_id":377864,"structure_id":53703,"section_number":"8.12-102","catch_line":"Definitions","history":"2024, c. 652.","full_text":"a\n\nTitle 8.12 definitions. In this article:\n\n1\n\n“Controllable electronic record” means a record stored in an electronic medium that can be subjected to control under Section 8.12-105. The term does not include a controllable account, a controllable payment intangible, a deposit account, an electronic copy of a record evidencing chattel paper, an electronic document of title, electronic money, investment property, or a transferable record.\n\n2\n\n“Qualifying purchaser” means a purchaser of a controllable electronic record or an interest in a controllable electronic record that obtains control of the controllable electronic record for value, in good faith, and without notice of a claim of a property right in the controllable electronic record.\n\n3\n\n“Transferable record” has the meaning provided for that term in:\n\nA\n\nSection 201(a)(1) of the Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act, 15 U.S.C. Section 7021(a)(1), as amended; or\n\nB\n\nSection 59.1-494 of the Uniform Electronic Transactions Act (\u00a7\u00a7 59.1-479 et seq.).\n\n4\n\n“Value” has the meaning provided in Section 3-303(a), as if references in that subsection to an “instrument” were references to a controllable account, controllable electronic record, or controllable payment intangible.\n\nb\n\nDefinitions in Article 9. The definitions in Article 9 of “account debtor,” “controllable account,” “controllable payment intangible,” “chattel paper,” “deposit account,” “electronic money,” and “investment property” apply to this article.\n\nc\n\nArticle 1 definitions and principles. Article 1 contains general definitions and principles of construction and interpretation applicable throughout this article.\n\n","order_by":null,"text":{"0":{"id":1409305,"text":"Title 8.12 definitions. 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Section 7021(a)(1), as amended; or","type":"section","prefixes":["A"],"prefix":"A","entire_prefix":"A","prefix_anchor":"A","level":1,"prior_prefix":"a3","next_prefix":"B"},"5":{"id":1409310,"text":"Section 59.1-494 of the Uniform Electronic Transactions Act (\u00a7\u00a7 59.1-479 et seq.).","type":"section","prefixes":["B"],"prefix":"B","entire_prefix":"B","prefix_anchor":"B","level":1,"prior_prefix":"A","next_prefix":"B4"},"6":{"id":1409311,"text":"“Value” has the meaning provided in Section 3-303(a), as if references in that subsection to an “instrument” were references to a controllable account, controllable electronic record, or controllable payment intangible.","type":"section","prefixes":["B","4"],"prefix":"4","entire_prefix":"B4","prefix_anchor":"B4","level":2,"prior_prefix":"B","next_prefix":"b"},"7":{"id":1409312,"text":"Definitions in Article 9. 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This law was first created in 2024. The record of its establishment is cataloged in chapter 652<\/a> of that year\u2019s edition of \u201cActs of Assembly,\u201d the annual state publication listing all changes made to the Code of Virginia in that year.<\/p>","references":[{"id":377871,"section_number":"8.13-102","catch_line":"Definitions","order_by":null,"url":"\/8.13-102\/"},{"id":378303,"section_number":"8.8A-102","catch_line":"Definitions","order_by":null,"url":"\/8.8A-102\/"},{"id":378355,"section_number":"8.9A-102","catch_line":"Definitions and index of definitions","order_by":null,"url":"\/8.9A-102\/"}],"refers_to":[{"id":373194,"section_number":"59.1-479","catch_line":"Title","order_by":null,"url":"\/59.1-479\/"},{"id":373209,"section_number":"59.1-494","catch_line":"Transferable records","order_by":null,"url":"\/59.1-494\/"},{"id":377867,"section_number":"8.12-105","catch_line":"Control of controllable electronic record","order_by":null,"url":"\/8.12-105\/"}],"permalink":{"id":1508755,"object_type":"law","relational_id":377864,"identifier":"8.12-102","token":"8.12\/8.12-102","url":"\/8.12-102\/","edition_id":2,"permalink":0,"preferred":1},"url":"\/8.12-102\/","token":"8.12\/8.12-102","dublin_core":{"Title":"Definitions","Type":"Text","Format":"text\/html","Identifier":"\u00a7 8.12-102","Relation":"Code of Virginia"},"html":"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

a.<\/span> Title 8.12 definitions. In this article: <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

1.<\/span> “Controllable electronic record<\/span>” means a record stored in an electronic medium that can be subjected to control under Section 8.12-105<\/a>. The term does not include a controllable account, a controllable payment intangible, a deposit account, an electronic copy of a record evidencing chattel paper, an electronic document of title, electronic money, investment property, or a transferable record. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

2.<\/span> “Qualifying purchaser<\/span>” means a purchaser of a controllable electronic record<\/span> or an interest in a controllable electronic record<\/span> that obtains control of the controllable electronic record<\/span> for value, in good faith, and without notice of a claim of a property right in the controllable electronic record<\/span>. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

3.<\/span> “Transferable record” has the meaning provided for that term in: <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

A.<\/span> Section 201(a)(1) of the Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act, 15 U.S.C. Section 7021(a)(1), as amended; or <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

B.<\/span> Section 59.1-494<\/a> of the Uniform Electronic Transactions Act (\u00a7\u00a7 59.1-479<\/a> et seq.). <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

4.<\/span> “Value” has the meaning provided in Section 3-303(a), as if references in that subsection to an “instrument” were references to a controllable account, controllable electronic record<\/span>, or controllable payment intangible. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

b.<\/span> Definitions in Article 9. The definitions in Article 9 of “account debtor,” “controllable account,” “controllable payment intangible,” “chattel paper,” “deposit account,” “electronic money,” and “investment property” apply to this article. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

c.<\/span> Article 1 definitions and principles. Article 1 contains general definitions and principles of construction and interpretation applicable throughout this article. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>","plain_text":" CODE OF VIRGINIA\n\nDEFINITIONS (\u00a7 8.12-102)\n\na. Title 8.12 definitions. In this article:\n\n 1. “Controllable electronic record” means a record stored in an\n electronic medium that can be subjected to control under Section 8.12-105. The\n term does not include a controllable account, a controllable payment\n intangible, a deposit account, an electronic copy of a record evidencing\n chattel paper, an electronic document of title, electronic money, investment\n property, or a transferable record.\n\n 2. “Qualifying purchaser” means a purchaser of a controllable\n electronic record or an interest in a controllable electronic record that\n obtains control of the controllable electronic record for value, in good\n faith, and without notice of a claim of a property right in the controllable\n electronic record.\n\n 3. “Transferable record” has the meaning provided for that term\n in:\n\nA. Section 201(a)(1) of the Electronic Signatures in Global and National\nCommerce Act, 15 U.S.C. Section 7021(a)(1), as amended; or\n\nB. Section 59.1-494 of the Uniform Electronic Transactions Act (\u00a7\u00a7 59.1-479 et\nseq.).\n\n 4. “Value” has the meaning provided in Section 3-303(a), as if\n references in that subsection to an “instrument” were references\n to a controllable account, controllable electronic record, or controllable\n payment intangible.\n\nb. Definitions in Article 9. The definitions in Article 9 of “account\ndebtor,” “controllable account,” “controllable payment\nintangible,” “chattel paper,” “deposit account,”\n“electronic money,” and “investment property” apply to\nthis article.\n\nc. Article 1 definitions and principles. Article 1 contains general definitions\nand principles of construction and interpretation applicable throughout this\narticle.\n\nHISTORY: 2024, c. 652.","edition":{"id":2,"name":"2026","slug":"2026","date_created":"2026-07-16 18:40:23","date_modified":"2026-08-02 15:14:36","current":1,"order_by":2,"last_import":"2026-08-02 12:37:30"}}