{"formats":[{"name":"JSON","format":"json","url":"\/downloads\/2026\/code-json\/40.1-59.json"},{"name":"Plain Text","format":"text","url":"\/downloads\/2026\/code-text\/40.1-59.txt"},{"name":"XML","format":"xml","url":"\/downloads\/2026\/code-xml\/40.1-59.xml"},{"name":"HTML","format":"html","url":"\/downloads\/2026\/code-html\/40.1-59.html"}],"law_id":363478,"edition_id":2,"section_id":363478,"structure_id":51869,"section_number":"40.1-59","catch_line":"Agreements or combinations declared unlawful","history":"Code 1950, \u00a7 40-69; 1970, c. 321.","full_text":"Any agreement or combination between any employer and any labor union or labor organization whereby persons not members of such union or organization shall be denied the right to work for the employer, or whereby such membership is made a condition of employment or continuation of employment by such employer, or whereby any such union or organization acquires an employment monopoly in any enterprise, is hereby declared to be against public policy and an illegal combination or conspiracy.\n\n","order_by":null,"text":{"0":{"id":1354573,"text":"Any agreement or combination between any employer and any labor union or labor organization whereby persons not members of such union or organization shall be denied the right to work for the employer, or whereby such membership is made a condition of employment or continuation of employment by such employer, or whereby any such union or organization acquires an employment monopoly in any enterprise, is hereby declared to be against public policy and an illegal combination or conspiracy.","type":"section","prefixes":[""],"prefix":"","entire_prefix":"","prefix_anchor":"","level":1}},"ancestry":[{"id":51869,"edition_id":2,"name":"Denial or Abridgement of Right to Work","identifier":"3","label":"article","depth":3,"order_by":3,"parent_id":51865,"metadata":{"child_laws":13,"child_structures":0},"date_created":"2026-08-02 02:50:22","date_modified":"2026-08-02 12:33:25","permalink":{"id":1447435,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":51869,"identifier":"3","token":"40.1\/4\/3","url":"\/40.1\/4\/3\/","edition_id":2,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}},{"id":51865,"edition_id":2,"name":"Labor Unions, Strikes, Etc","identifier":"4","label":"chapter","depth":2,"order_by":7,"parent_id":51843,"metadata":{"child_laws":32,"child_structures":6},"date_created":"2026-08-02 02:50:21","date_modified":"2026-08-02 12:33:24","permalink":{"id":1447379,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":51865,"identifier":"4","token":"40.1\/4","url":"\/40.1\/4\/","edition_id":2,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}},{"id":51843,"edition_id":2,"name":"Labor and Employment","identifier":"40.1","label":"title","depth":1,"order_by":89,"parent_id":null,"metadata":{"child_laws":237,"child_structures":28},"date_created":"2026-08-02 02:49:54","date_modified":"2026-08-02 12:33:22","permalink":{"id":1446725,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":51843,"identifier":"40.1","token":"40.1","url":"\/40.1\/","edition_id":2,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}}],"structure_contents":[{"id":363477,"structure_id":51869,"section_number":"40.1-58","catch_line":"Policy of article","url":"\/40.1-58\/","token":"40.1\/4\/3\/40.1-58","metadata":false},{"id":363476,"structure_id":51869,"section_number":"40.1-58.1","catch_line":"Application of article to public employers and employees","url":"\/40.1-58.1\/","token":"40.1\/4\/3\/40.1-58.1","metadata":false},{"id":363478,"structure_id":51869,"section_number":"40.1-59","catch_line":"Agreements or combinations declared unlawful","url":"\/40.1-59\/","token":"40.1\/4\/3\/40.1-59","metadata":false},{"id":363480,"structure_id":51869,"section_number":"40.1-60","catch_line":"Employers not to require employees to become or remain members of union","url":"\/40.1-60\/","token":"40.1\/4\/3\/40.1-60","metadata":false},{"id":363481,"structure_id":51869,"section_number":"40.1-61","catch_line":"Employers not to require abstention from membership or officeholding in union","url":"\/40.1-61\/","token":"40.1\/4\/3\/40.1-61","metadata":false},{"id":363482,"structure_id":51869,"section_number":"40.1-62","catch_line":"Employer not to require payment of union dues, etc","url":"\/40.1-62\/","token":"40.1\/4\/3\/40.1-62","metadata":false},{"id":363483,"structure_id":51869,"section_number":"40.1-63","catch_line":"Recovery by individual unlawfully denied employment","url":"\/40.1-63\/","token":"40.1\/4\/3\/40.1-63","metadata":false},{"id":363484,"structure_id":51869,"section_number":"40.1-64","catch_line":"Application of article to contracts","url":"\/40.1-64\/","token":"40.1\/4\/3\/40.1-64","metadata":false},{"id":363485,"structure_id":51869,"section_number":"40.1-65","catch_line":"Agreement or practice designed to cause employer to violate article declared illegal","url":"\/40.1-65\/","token":"40.1\/4\/3\/40.1-65","metadata":false},{"id":363486,"structure_id":51869,"section_number":"40.1-66","catch_line":"Conduct causing violation of article illegal; peaceful solicitation to join union","url":"\/40.1-66\/","token":"40.1\/4\/3\/40.1-66","metadata":false},{"id":363487,"structure_id":51869,"section_number":"40.1-67","catch_line":"Injunctive relief against violation; recovery of damages","url":"\/40.1-67\/","token":"40.1\/4\/3\/40.1-67","metadata":false},{"id":363488,"structure_id":51869,"section_number":"40.1-68","catch_line":"Service of process on clerk of State Corporation Commission as attorney for union","url":"\/40.1-68\/","token":"40.1\/4\/3\/40.1-68","metadata":false},{"id":363489,"structure_id":51869,"section_number":"40.1-69","catch_line":"Violation a misdemeanor","url":"\/40.1-69\/","token":"40.1\/4\/3\/40.1-69","metadata":false}],"previous_section":{"id":363476,"structure_id":51869,"section_number":"40.1-58.1","catch_line":"Application of article to public employers and employees","url":"\/40.1-58.1\/","token":"40.1\/4\/3\/40.1-58.1","metadata":false},"next_section":{"id":363480,"structure_id":51869,"section_number":"40.1-60","catch_line":"Employers not to require employees to become or remain members of union","url":"\/40.1-60\/","token":"40.1\/4\/3\/40.1-60","metadata":false},"metadata":false,"official_url":"https:\/\/law.lis.virginia.gov\/vacode\/40.1-59\/","history_text":"<p>The record of this law\u2019s original creation isn\u2019t available online. It has been modified 1 time. Those modifications are cataloged by \u201cThe Acts of Assembly,\u201d a state publication, by year and chapter. Those modifications that can be read on the General Assembly\u2019s website will be linked accordingly. That modification is as follows: in 1970, chapter 321.<\/p>","references":false,"refers_to":false,"permalink":{"id":1447445,"object_type":"law","relational_id":363478,"identifier":"40.1-59","token":"40.1\/4\/3\/40.1-59","url":"\/40.1-59\/","edition_id":2,"permalink":0,"preferred":1},"url":"\/40.1-59\/","token":"40.1\/4\/3\/40.1-59","dublin_core":{"Title":"Agreements or combinations declared unlawful","Type":"Text","Format":"text\/html","Identifier":"\u00a7 40.1-59","Relation":"Code of Virginia"},"html":"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section><p>Any agreement or combination between any <span class=\"dictionary\">employer<\/span> and any labor union or labor organization whereby persons not members of such union or organization shall be denied the right to work for the <span class=\"dictionary\">employer<\/span>, or whereby such membership is made a condition of employment or continuation of employment by such <span class=\"dictionary\">employer<\/span>, or whereby any such union or organization acquires an employment monopoly in any enterprise, is hereby declared to be against public policy and an illegal combination or conspiracy.<\/p><\/section>","plain_text":"                                 CODE OF VIRGINIA\n\nAGREEMENTS OR COMBINATIONS DECLARED UNLAWFUL (\u00a7 40.1-59)\n\nAny agreement or combination between any employer and any labor union or labor\norganization whereby persons not members of such union or organization shall be\ndenied the right to work for the employer, or whereby such membership is made a\ncondition of employment or continuation of employment by such employer, or\nwhereby any such union or organization acquires an employment monopoly in any\nenterprise, is hereby declared to be against public policy and an illegal\ncombination or conspiracy.\n\nHISTORY: Code 1950, \u00a7 40-69; 1970, c. 321.","edition":{"id":2,"name":"2026","slug":"2026","date_created":"2026-07-16 18:40:23","date_modified":"2026-08-02 15:14:36","current":1,"order_by":2,"last_import":"2026-08-02 12:37:30"}}