{"formats":[{"name":"JSON","format":"json","url":"\/downloads\/2026\/code-json\/18.2-451.json"},{"name":"Plain Text","format":"text","url":"\/downloads\/2026\/code-text\/18.2-451.txt"},{"name":"XML","format":"xml","url":"\/downloads\/2026\/code-xml\/18.2-451.xml"},{"name":"HTML","format":"html","url":"\/downloads\/2026\/code-html\/18.2-451.html"}],"law_id":350979,"edition_id":2,"section_id":350979,"structure_id":50201,"section_number":"18.2-451","catch_line":"Definitions; application and construction of article","history":"Code 1950, \u00a7 18.1-388; 1960, c. 358; 1975, cc. 14, 15.","full_text":"a\n\n“Barratry” is the offense of stirring up litigation.\n\nb\n\nA “barrator” is an individual, partnership, association or corporation who or which stirs up litigation.\n\nc\n\n“Stirring up litigation” means instigating or attempting to instigate a person or persons to institute a suit at law or equity.\n\nd\n\n“Instigating” means bringing it about that all or part of the expenses of the litigation are paid by the barrator or by a person or persons (other than the plaintiffs) acting in concert with the barrator, unless the instigation is justified.\n\ne\n\n“Justified” means that the instigator is related by blood or marriage to the plaintiff whom he instigates, or that the instigator is entitled by law to share with the plaintiff in money or property that is the subject of the litigation or that the instigator has a direct interest in the subject matter of the litigation or occupies a position of trust in relation to the plaintiff; or that the instigator is acting on behalf of a duly constituted legal aid society approved by the Virginia State Bar which offers advice or assistance in all kinds of legal matters to all members of the public who come to it for advice or assistance and are unable because of poverty to pay legal fees.\n\nf\n\n“Direct interest” means a personal right or a pecuniary right or liability.\n\t\t\tThis article shall not be applicable to attorneys who are parties to contingent fee contracts with their clients where the attorney does not protect the client from payment of the costs and expense of litigation, nor shall this article apply to any matter involving annexation, zoning, bond issues, or the holding or results of any election or referendum, nor shall this article apply to suits pertaining to or affecting possession of or title to real or personal property, regardless of ownership, nor shall this article apply to suits involving the legality of assessment or collection of taxes or the rates thereof, nor shall this article apply to suits involving rates or charges or services by common carriers or public utilities, nor shall this article apply to criminal prosecutions, nor to the payment of attorneys by legal aid societies approved by the Virginia State Bar, nor to proceedings to abate nuisances. Nothing herein shall be construed to be in derogation of the constitutional rights of real parties in interest to employ counsel or to prosecute any available legal remedy under the laws of this Commonwealth.\n\n","order_by":null,"text":{"0":{"id":1307342,"text":"“Barratry” is the offense of stirring up litigation.","type":"section","prefixes":["a"],"prefix":"a","entire_prefix":"a","prefix_anchor":"a","level":1,"next_prefix":"b"},"1":{"id":1307343,"text":"A “barrator” is an individual, partnership, association or corporation who or which stirs up litigation.","type":"section","prefixes":["b"],"prefix":"b","entire_prefix":"b","prefix_anchor":"b","level":1,"prior_prefix":"a","next_prefix":"c"},"2":{"id":1307344,"text":"“Stirring up litigation” means instigating or attempting to instigate a person or persons to institute a suit at law or equity.","type":"section","prefixes":["c"],"prefix":"c","entire_prefix":"c","prefix_anchor":"c","level":1,"prior_prefix":"b","next_prefix":"d"},"3":{"id":1307345,"text":"“Instigating” means bringing it about that all or part of the expenses of the litigation are paid by the barrator or by a person or persons (other than the plaintiffs) acting in concert with the barrator, unless the instigation is justified.","type":"section","prefixes":["d"],"prefix":"d","entire_prefix":"d","prefix_anchor":"d","level":1,"prior_prefix":"c","next_prefix":"e"},"4":{"id":1307346,"text":"“Justified” means that the instigator is related by blood or marriage to the plaintiff whom he instigates, or that the instigator is entitled by law to share with the plaintiff in money or property that is the subject of the litigation or that the instigator has a direct interest in the subject matter of the litigation or occupies a position of trust in relation to the plaintiff; or that the instigator is acting on behalf of a duly constituted legal aid society approved by the Virginia State Bar which offers advice or assistance in all kinds of legal matters to all members of the public who come to it for advice or assistance and are unable because of poverty to pay legal fees.","type":"section","prefixes":["e"],"prefix":"e","entire_prefix":"e","prefix_anchor":"e","level":1,"prior_prefix":"d","next_prefix":"f"},"5":{"id":1307347,"text":"“Direct interest” means a personal right or a pecuniary right or liability.\n\t\t\tThis article shall not be applicable to attorneys who are parties to contingent fee contracts with their clients where the attorney does not protect the client from payment of the costs and expense of litigation, nor shall this article apply to any matter involving annexation, zoning, bond issues, or the holding or results of any election or referendum, nor shall this article apply to suits pertaining to or affecting possession of or title to real or personal property, regardless of ownership, nor shall this article apply to suits involving the legality of assessment or collection of taxes or the rates thereof, nor shall this article apply to suits involving rates or charges or services by common carriers or public utilities, nor shall this article apply to criminal prosecutions, nor to the payment of attorneys by legal aid societies approved by the Virginia State Bar, nor to proceedings to abate nuisances. Nothing herein shall be construed to be in derogation of the constitutional rights of real parties in interest to employ counsel or to prosecute any available legal remedy under the laws of this Commonwealth.","type":"section","prefixes":["f"],"prefix":"f","entire_prefix":"f","prefix_anchor":"f","level":1,"prior_prefix":"e"}},"ancestry":[{"id":50201,"edition_id":2,"name":"Barratry","identifier":"4","label":"article","depth":3,"order_by":4,"parent_id":50197,"metadata":{"child_laws":5,"child_structures":0},"date_created":"2026-08-02 02:24:31","date_modified":"2026-08-02 12:30:27","permalink":{"id":1391311,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":50201,"identifier":"4","token":"18.2\/10\/4","url":"\/18.2\/10\/4\/","edition_id":2,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}},{"id":50197,"edition_id":2,"name":"Crimes Against the Administration of Justice","identifier":"10","label":"chapter","depth":2,"order_by":10,"parent_id":50131,"metadata":{"child_laws":65,"child_structures":7},"date_created":"2026-08-02 02:24:29","date_modified":"2026-08-02 12:30:26","permalink":{"id":1391223,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":50197,"identifier":"10","token":"18.2\/10","url":"\/18.2\/10\/","edition_id":2,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}},{"id":50131,"edition_id":2,"name":"Crimes and Offenses Generally","identifier":"18.2","label":"title","depth":1,"order_by":52,"parent_id":null,"metadata":{"child_laws":960,"child_structures":94},"date_created":"2026-08-02 02:22:59","date_modified":"2026-08-02 12:30:15","permalink":{"id":1391141,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":50131,"identifier":"18.2","token":"18.2","url":"\/18.2\/","edition_id":2,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}}],"structure_contents":[{"id":350979,"structure_id":50201,"section_number":"18.2-451","catch_line":"Definitions; application and construction of article","url":"\/18.2-451\/","token":"18.2\/10\/4\/18.2-451","metadata":false},{"id":350980,"structure_id":50201,"section_number":"18.2-452","catch_line":"Barratry unlawful","url":"\/18.2-452\/","token":"18.2\/10\/4\/18.2-452","metadata":false},{"id":350981,"structure_id":50201,"section_number":"18.2-453","catch_line":"Aiders and abettors","url":"\/18.2-453\/","token":"18.2\/10\/4\/18.2-453","metadata":false},{"id":350982,"structure_id":50201,"section_number":"18.2-454","catch_line":"Enjoining barratry","url":"\/18.2-454\/","token":"18.2\/10\/4\/18.2-454","metadata":false},{"id":350983,"structure_id":50201,"section_number":"18.2-455","catch_line":"Unprofessional conduct; revocation of license","url":"\/18.2-455\/","token":"18.2\/10\/4\/18.2-455","metadata":false}],"next_section":{"id":350980,"structure_id":50201,"section_number":"18.2-452","catch_line":"Barratry unlawful","url":"\/18.2-452\/","token":"18.2\/10\/4\/18.2-452","metadata":false},"metadata":false,"official_url":"https:\/\/law.lis.virginia.gov\/vacode\/18.2-451\/","history_text":"

The record of this law\u2019s original creation isn\u2019t available online. It has been modified 2 times. Those modifications are cataloged by \u201cThe Acts of Assembly,\u201d a state publication, by year and chapter. Those modifications that can be read on the General Assembly\u2019s website will be linked accordingly. Those modifications are as follows: in 1960, chapter 358; in 1975, chapters 14 and 15.<\/p>","references":false,"refers_to":false,"permalink":{"id":1391313,"object_type":"law","relational_id":350979,"identifier":"18.2-451","token":"18.2\/10\/4\/18.2-451","url":"\/18.2-451\/","edition_id":2,"permalink":0,"preferred":1},"url":"\/18.2-451\/","token":"18.2\/10\/4\/18.2-451","dublin_core":{"Title":"Definitions; application and construction of article","Type":"Text","Format":"text\/html","Identifier":"\u00a7 18.2-451","Relation":"Code of Virginia"},"html":"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

a.<\/span> “Barratry” is the offense<\/span> of stirring up litigation<\/span>. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

b.<\/span> A “barrator” is an individual, partnership, association or corporation who or which stirs up litigation. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

c.<\/span> “Stirring up litigation<\/span>” means instigating<\/span> or attempting to instigate a person or persons to institute a suit at law<\/span> or equity<\/span>. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

d.<\/span> “Instigating<\/span>” means bringing it about that all or part of the expenses of the litigation are paid by the barrator or by a person or persons (other than the plaintiffs<\/span>) acting in concert with the barrator, unless the instigation is justified<\/span>. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

e.<\/span> “Justified<\/span>” means that the instigator is related by blood or marriage to the plaintiff<\/span> whom he instigates, or that the instigator is entitled by law<\/span> to share with the plaintiff<\/span> in money or property that is the subject of the litigation or that the instigator has a direct interest<\/span> in the subject matter of the litigation or occupies a position of trust in relation to the plaintiff<\/span>; or that the instigator is acting on behalf of a duly constituted legal aid society approved by the Virginia State Bar which offers advice or assistance in all kinds of legal matters to all members of the public who come to it for advice or assistance and are unable because of poverty to pay legal fees. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

f.<\/span> “Direct interest<\/span>” means a personal right or a pecuniary right or liability.\n\t\t\tThis article shall not be applicable to attorneys who are parties to contingent fee contracts<\/span> with their clients where the attorney does not protect the client from payment of the costs and expense of litigation, nor shall this article apply to any matter involving annexation, zoning, bond<\/span> issues<\/span>, or the holding or results of any election or referendum<\/span>, nor shall this article apply to suits pertaining to or affecting possession<\/span> of or title to real or personal property, regardless of ownership, nor shall this article apply to suits involving the legality of assessment or collection of taxes or the rates thereof, nor shall this article apply to suits involving rates or charges or services by common carriers or public utilities, nor shall this article apply to criminal prosecutions<\/span>, nor to the payment of attorneys by legal aid societies approved by the Virginia State Bar, nor to proceedings to abate nuisances. Nothing herein shall be construed to be in derogation of the constitutional rights of real parties in interest to employ counsel<\/span> or to prosecute<\/span> any available legal remedy under the laws<\/span> of this Commonwealth. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>","plain_text":" CODE OF VIRGINIA\n\nDEFINITIONS; APPLICATION AND CONSTRUCTION OF ARTICLE (\u00a7 18.2-451)\n\na. “Barratry” is the offense of stirring up litigation.\n\nb. A “barrator” is an individual, partnership, association or\ncorporation who or which stirs up litigation.\n\nc. “Stirring up litigation” means instigating or attempting to\ninstigate a person or persons to institute a suit at law or equity.\n\nd. “Instigating” means bringing it about that all or part of the\nexpenses of the litigation are paid by the barrator or by a person or persons\n(other than the plaintiffs) acting in concert with the barrator, unless the\ninstigation is justified.\n\ne. “Justified” means that the instigator is related by blood or\nmarriage to the plaintiff whom he instigates, or that the instigator is entitled\nby law to share with the plaintiff in money or property that is the subject of\nthe litigation or that the instigator has a direct interest in the subject\nmatter of the litigation or occupies a position of trust in relation to the\nplaintiff; or that the instigator is acting on behalf of a duly constituted\nlegal aid society approved by the Virginia State Bar which offers advice or\nassistance in all kinds of legal matters to all members of the public who come\nto it for advice or assistance and are unable because of poverty to pay legal\nfees.\n\nf. “Direct interest” means a personal right or a pecuniary right or\nliability.\n\t\t\tThis article shall not be applicable to attorneys who are parties to\ncontingent fee contracts with their clients where the attorney does not protect\nthe client from payment of the costs and expense of litigation, nor shall this\narticle apply to any matter involving annexation, zoning, bond issues, or the\nholding or results of any election or referendum, nor shall this article apply\nto suits pertaining to or affecting possession of or title to real or personal\nproperty, regardless of ownership, nor shall this article apply to suits\ninvolving the legality of assessment or collection of taxes or the rates\nthereof, nor shall this article apply to suits involving rates or charges or\nservices by common carriers or public utilities, nor shall this article apply to\ncriminal prosecutions, nor to the payment of attorneys by legal aid societies\napproved by the Virginia State Bar, nor to proceedings to abate nuisances.\nNothing herein shall be construed to be in derogation of the constitutional\nrights of real parties in interest to employ counsel or to prosecute any\navailable legal remedy under the laws of this Commonwealth.\n\nHISTORY: Code 1950, \u00a7 18.1-388; 1960, c. 358; 1975, cc. 14, 15.","edition":{"id":2,"name":"2026","slug":"2026","date_created":"2026-07-16 18:40:23","date_modified":"2026-08-02 15:14:36","current":1,"order_by":2,"last_import":"2026-08-02 12:37:30"}}