{"formats":[{"name":"JSON","format":"json","url":"\/downloads\/2026\/code-json\/18.2-423.json"},{"name":"Plain Text","format":"text","url":"\/downloads\/2026\/code-text\/18.2-423.txt"},{"name":"XML","format":"xml","url":"\/downloads\/2026\/code-xml\/18.2-423.xml"},{"name":"HTML","format":"html","url":"\/downloads\/2026\/code-html\/18.2-423.html"}],"law_id":350941,"edition_id":2,"section_id":350941,"structure_id":50193,"section_number":"18.2-423","catch_line":"Burning cross on property of another or public place with intent to intimidate; penalty; prima facie evidence of intent","history":"Code 1950, \u00a7\u00a7 18.1-365 through 18.1-367; 1960, c. 358; 1968, c. 350; 1975, cc. 14, 15; 1983, c. 337.","full_text":"It shall be unlawful for any person or persons, with the intent of intimidating any person or group of persons, to burn, or cause to be burned, a cross on the property of another, a highway or other public place. Any person who shall violate any provision of this section shall be guilty of a Class 6 felony.\n\nAny such burning of a cross shall be prima facie evidence of an intent to intimidate a person or group of persons.\n\n","order_by":null,"text":{"0":{"id":1307264,"text":"It shall be unlawful for any person or persons, with the intent of intimidating any person or group of persons, to burn, or cause to be burned, a cross on the property of another, a highway or other public place. Any person who shall violate any provision of this section shall be guilty of a Class 6 felony.","type":"section","prefixes":[""],"prefix":"","entire_prefix":"","prefix_anchor":"","level":1,"next_prefix":""},"1":{"id":1307265,"text":"Any such burning of a cross shall be prima facie evidence of an intent to intimidate a person or group of persons.","type":"section","prefixes":[""],"prefix":"","entire_prefix":"","prefix_anchor":"","level":1,"prior_prefix":""}},"ancestry":[{"id":50193,"edition_id":2,"name":"Activities Tending to Cause Violence","identifier":"5","label":"article","depth":3,"order_by":4,"parent_id":50188,"metadata":{"child_laws":7,"child_structures":0},"date_created":"2026-08-02 02:24:25","date_modified":"2026-08-02 12:30:26","permalink":{"id":1395079,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":50193,"identifier":"5","token":"18.2\/9\/5","url":"\/18.2\/9\/5\/","edition_id":2,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}},{"id":50188,"edition_id":2,"name":"Crimes Against Peace and Order","identifier":"9","label":"chapter","depth":2,"order_by":9,"parent_id":50131,"metadata":{"child_laws":39,"child_structures":8},"date_created":"2026-08-02 02:24:22","date_modified":"2026-08-02 12:30:25","permalink":{"id":1394997,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":50188,"identifier":"9","token":"18.2\/9","url":"\/18.2\/9\/","edition_id":2,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}},{"id":50131,"edition_id":2,"name":"Crimes and Offenses Generally","identifier":"18.2","label":"title","depth":1,"order_by":52,"parent_id":null,"metadata":{"child_laws":960,"child_structures":94},"date_created":"2026-08-02 02:22:59","date_modified":"2026-08-02 12:30:15","permalink":{"id":1391141,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":50131,"identifier":"18.2","token":"18.2","url":"\/18.2\/","edition_id":2,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}}],"structure_contents":[{"id":350935,"structure_id":50193,"section_number":"18.2-420","catch_line":"\"Clandestine organization\" defined","url":"\/18.2-420\/","token":"18.2\/9\/5\/18.2-420","metadata":false},{"id":350936,"structure_id":50193,"section_number":"18.2-421","catch_line":"Information to be filed by clandestine organization with State Corporation Commission","url":"\/18.2-421\/","token":"18.2\/9\/5\/18.2-421","metadata":{"court_decisions":""}},{"id":350937,"structure_id":50193,"section_number":"18.2-422","catch_line":"Prohibition of wearing of masks in certain places; exceptions","url":"\/18.2-422\/","token":"18.2\/9\/5\/18.2-422","metadata":{"court_decisions":{"0":{"name":"Deshay Arkel Stith v. 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","court_html":"<abbr title=\"Court of Appeals\">COA<\/abbr>"}}}},"next_section":{"id":350938,"structure_id":50193,"section_number":"18.2-423.01","catch_line":"Burning object on property of another or a highway or other public place with intent to intimidate; penalty","url":"\/18.2-423.01\/","token":"18.2\/9\/5\/18.2-423.01","metadata":false},"metadata":false,"official_url":"https:\/\/law.lis.virginia.gov\/vacode\/18.2-423\/","history_text":"<p>The record of this law\u2019s original creation isn\u2019t available online. It has been modified 4 times. Those modifications are cataloged by \u201cThe Acts of Assembly,\u201d a state publication, by year and chapter. Those modifications that can be read on the General Assembly\u2019s website will be linked accordingly. Those modifications are as follows: in 1960, chapter 358; in 1968, chapter 350; in 1975, chapters 14 and 15; in 1983, chapter 337.<\/p>","references":[{"id":350225,"section_number":"17.1-805","catch_line":"Adoption of initial discretionary sentencing guideline midpoints","order_by":null,"url":"\/17.1-805\/"},{"id":351833,"section_number":"19.2-392.02","catch_line":"National criminal background checks by businesses and organizations regarding employees or volunteers providing care to children or the elderly or disabled","order_by":null,"url":"\/19.2-392.02\/"},{"id":367665,"section_number":"53.1-202.3","catch_line":"Rate at which sentence credits may be earned; prerequisites","order_by":null,"url":"\/53.1-202.3\/"},{"id":367750,"section_number":"53.1-40.02","catch_line":"Conditional release of terminally ill prisoners","order_by":null,"url":"\/53.1-40.02\/"}],"refers_to":false,"permalink":{"id":1395093,"object_type":"law","relational_id":350941,"identifier":"18.2-423","token":"18.2\/9\/5\/18.2-423","url":"\/18.2-423\/","edition_id":2,"permalink":0,"preferred":1},"url":"\/18.2-423\/","token":"18.2\/9\/5\/18.2-423","dublin_core":{"Title":"Burning cross on property of another or public place with intent to intimidate; penalty; prima facie evidence of intent","Type":"Text","Format":"text\/html","Identifier":"\u00a7 18.2-423","Relation":"Code of Virginia"},"html":"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section><p>It shall be unlawful for any person or persons, with the <span class=\"dictionary\">intent<\/span> of intimidating any person or group of persons, to burn, or cause to be burned, a cross on the property of another, a highway or other public place. Any person who shall violate any provision of this section shall be guilty of a Class 6 <span class=\"dictionary\">felony<\/span>.<\/p><p>Any such burning of a cross shall be prima facie <span class=\"dictionary\">evidence<\/span> of an <span class=\"dictionary\">intent<\/span> to intimidate a person or group of persons.<\/p><\/section>","plain_text":"                                 CODE OF VIRGINIA\n\nBURNING CROSS ON PROPERTY OF ANOTHER OR PUBLIC PLACE WITH INTENT TO INTIMIDATE;\nPENALTY; PRIMA FACIE EVIDENCE OF INTENT (\u00a7 18.2-423)\n\nIt shall be unlawful for any person or persons, with the intent of intimidating\nany person or group of persons, to burn, or cause to be burned, a cross on the\nproperty of another, a highway or other public place. Any person who shall\nviolate any provision of this section shall be guilty of a Class 6 felony.\n\nAny such burning of a cross shall be prima facie evidence of an intent to\nintimidate a person or group of persons.\n\nHISTORY: Code 1950, \u00a7\u00a7 18.1-365 through 18.1-367; 1960, c. 358; 1968, c. 350;\n1975, cc. 14, 15; 1983, c. 337.","edition":{"id":2,"name":"2026","slug":"2026","date_created":"2026-07-16 18:40:23","date_modified":"2026-08-02 15:14:36","current":1,"order_by":2,"last_import":"2026-08-02 12:37:30"}}